History of Womens Rights and the Gender Pay Gap

biography of Wo browse forces Rights and the grammatical gender requital Gap1998 marked the hundred-and-fiftieth Anniversary of a movement by women. The fight for womens rights began in the late nineteenth century. 1917, women could vote, making 2017 the 100th anniversary of the ending for womens suffrage, or has it? Although we claim marched, protested and have the 19th amendment stating our rights, we argon lull not quite equal. This look for testament explore the past and current show of womens knuckle under in the study, supported with data. We have made progress, and the problem is lifelessness there. The nevertheless way to eliminate a world-wide problem such as this, is to fight together, both(prenominal) sex activitys. Men must(prenominal) see women as their coworker and partner, not combatant or slave.Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote what is known as the Declaration of Sen datents, in 1848. These sentiments stated facts closely women, their rights and compar ability, that we are still fleck today. When women did work they were give only a fraction of what men take in (Ruthsdotter, 1998). This was stated in the early 19th century, yet in what leave behind soon be the 22nd century, some women are still paid this way. Women are still fighting to be considered an equal, a partner, a workfellow and not a combatant. Women prior to the 19th amendment were basically subject to their husbands. Their unblemished lives were solely based on their husbands. Their income, land, child bondage, all different rights, and to a greater extent were chosen, mandated and or owned by their spouse. In 1920, the Womens Bureau of the division of Labor was established to gather information near the situation of women at work, and to advocate for changes if needed. Many womens activist became involved with campaigning for laws to entertain women workers from abuse and unsafe conditions. It took s crimsonty-two years for women and their male supporters to be successful. (Ruthsdotter, 1998) In 1923, Alice Paul, the leader of the National Womans Party wrote the Equal Rights Amendment for the linked States Constitution and Congressional Union, followed by the National Womans party in 1916. (Ruthsdotter, 1998) We have had galore(postnominal) waves of change for women and their rights, but we still arent quite equal yet. We are now allowed to vote, divorce, take full custody of our children, own land, be leaders in religious organizations, be production line owners, CEOs, and file with the courts over domestic abuse. These things and more have shown how farthest we have come since 1848. The reason for the constant waves of change, and fighting covering fire, is possibly receiv commensurate to men and women alike, can see a woman as more than just a female, with limited ability. Who some only seen her job as a wife, birth children and take care of the home. Women are now seen as fellow human being who deserve respect and the sam e rights as their male counterpart. Women and men have fought a largeside each other for the equality of women especially in the work place, for many a(prenominal) years. If men in the workplace could see women as their partner, and not combatant maybe we would end this remuneration inequality amongst women. Many have done research to find wherefore are women paid less than men in the workplace? cardinal tecs have taken a different approach in their research in womens lives, that may contribute to the lock gap. One researcher discovered personality and requital have a correlation with wage for men and women. Women score more highly on agreeability than men, and because this singularity is associated with lower wages in the labour market, men having lower agreeableness represents an advantage. On the other hand, men have a high fairish score for intellect than women, and because this trait is rewarded in the wage setting, mens higher score for this trait also represents a n advantage. (Nyhus, 2012) This is profound research,not many people would involve the personalities of men and women and basedwages on that. Of course, many leave argue that should not be a factor, in the equity of equal cook up for women. Another researcher viewed the correlation ofchildcare and wages for women. Countrieswhere nightclub has a positive mindset towards works mothers or about the desirefor external childcare for children leave behind provide more childcare, which leave aloneresult in increases of fertility and female labor force affaire and impartreduce the wage gap.External childcare reduces the time women deposit into child rearing whichincreases fertility and labor supply and this decreases the gender wage gap. If everyone believes that childcare usage pass on bezero, the use of childcare will be zero, which leads to zero usage. Fertilityand female labour supply will be consequently low and the wage gap will be high. (Borck, 2014) Borck, could see theimpo rtance of having childcare facilities, that will provide care andchildrearing for children, so women could work. We often do not think aboutchildcare and afterschool programs to admirer running(a) women. Borck could provethis in his research. These programs and childcare centers should be seen aspositives, this will help lower the wage gap in the future, as long as oursociety can see the benefit it has on working women. So how big is the problem? In2015, women working full time in the United States typically were paid just 80 portion of what men were paid, a gap of 20 share (Proctor et al., 2016).The gap has contract since 1960, due largelyto womens progress in education and workforce participation and to mens wagesrising at a bumper-to-bumper rate. At the rate of change between 1960 and 2015, women areexpect to reach pay equity with men in 2059.But even that slow progress has stalled in recent years. If change continues atthe slower rate seen since 2001, women will not reach pay equity with men until2152. (Hill, 2017) These findings arefrightening, if this continues this will havelong term financial personal effects on working women. In 2015, 14 percent of Americanwomen ages 1864 were living below the federal poverty level, compared with 11per- cent of men. (Hill, 2017) So, what is causing it? So far researchers are discovering it is a combination of, occupation, higher education, and industry choices. If a woman chooses a low-paying cashier position and some other chieftain executive that also contributes to the data of women with low wages. Of the overall U.S. gender pay gap of 24.1 percent in base pay, we find that 16.2 percent is explained by differences between male and female workers different ages, levels of education, experience, industries, occupations, company sizes and locations. The stay 7.9 percent of the pay gap is unexplained, due either to factors we arent able to observe or to workplace bias and discrimination. (Chamberlain, 2016) War ren Farrell listed his top 5 positions that he believeswill keep women employed, if they chose something that isnt always in the single-valued function and neat, but sometimes mussy and includes heat. In brief, technology isnot job security, but career security. Career security matters more than jobsecurity, and both can matter more than the exact amount you are paid.(Farrell, 2005)The Field-with-Higher-Yield figure One to FiveChoose a field in technology or the harder sciences, not the arts or social sciences (pharmacology vs. art history)Get misadventure pay without the hazards (female adminstratior in air force vs. male combat soldier in army)Jobs requiring little education, those that expose you to the heat and are possibly messy pay more than those that are indoors and neat (UPS deliverer vs. receptionist)In around jobs with higher pay, you cant mentally check out at the end of the day (corporate attorney vs. librarian)Fields with higher pay often have lower fulfillment (ta x accountant vs. child care professional) (Farrell, 2005)Is it possible that women could be limited themselves from higher paid positions? Part of the answer is yes, while the other part is no. Yes, If women constantly take on low-paying jobs and not attempting to guard a higher education, they will only help with the negative statistics. No, if women as a collective whole, began to earn college degrees and experience in male dominate industries, yet still paid a lower payment, the fight will continue. There are also women who have higher education, yet are still paid less due to no child care, working part time and other family related issues. Doctor Anne Montgomery watched her pay changeat various times in her career as she made sacrfices for her family. She runs afamily-medicine residency program in Rancho Mirage, California. She cut back toabout three-fourths of her full time so she could care for her son.I very pretty much worked full time my whole career,She continues.I onl y got paid for part time. In 2009, she was earning $170,000 ayear as a full-time faculty physician in Spokane, Washington. She was thrilledto get a $30,000 raise but it only brought her more in competition with a newlyhired male colleague who had aggressively negotiated. Her husband Glen spud who is also adoctor, had an easier time climbing up the income ladder. He negotiated his payand eventually earned a $275,000 base salary as chief medical-informationofficer of a Spokane multispecialty group. In 2012, his earnings reached$400,000 when he made $190,000 as the American Academy of Family Physicianspresident plus three-fourths of his executive salary. ultimately year, Dr. Montgomeryearned $303,000, while her husband, earned $364,000. (Adamy, 2016)In conclusion, Dr. Montgomerys story shows that even in white collar professions, women are still having a great disadvantage compared to their male counterparts. Often women are still seen in the same light as they were in 1848, before t he 19th amendment took place. What if men began to take on the role as the stay at home dad and women were the bread winners? Would it matter? Would it hurt us as a society? I do not believe it would. Our society has been fed through media for over a 100 years about a womans place in our society. Dictating what constitutes as a female job and male job. Who came up with what our jobs are suppose to be? I believe as women and men we need to eliminate what constitues as a specfic gender job. If we eliminate the labels, and allow men and women to work where they will be their best, we can start to make more progress. If we could stop perceive women as unreliable due to child rearing, and believeing they can only work so many hours, do only certain jobs, and base salary on their personality traits, child care, etc. We can possibly elimnate the gender wage gap sooner. ReferencesAdamy, J. &. (2016, May 18). Pay gap widest for elite jobs women in white-collar careers seebiggest gender dis parity, defying legislative remedies. Retrievedfrom Wall Street daybookhttp//search.proquest.com.bakerezproxy.palnet.info/docview/1789404832?accountid=8473Borck, R. (2014). Adieu Rabenmutter-culture,fertility, female labour supply, the gender wage gap and childcare. journal Of Population Economics, 27(3), 739-765.doi10.1007/s00148-013-0499-zChamberlain, D. A. (2016, March). Demystifying the GenderPay Gap . Retrieved from Glassdoor https//research-content.glassdoor.com/app/uploads/sites/2/2016/03/Glassdoor-Gender-Pay-Gap-Study.pdfFarrell, W. (2005). why Men Earn More The StartlingTruth Behind the Pay Gapand What Women Can Do About It (1st Edition ed.,Vol. 1). New York, NY, USA American Management Association International.Hill, C. (2017, September 20). The Simple Truth about theGender Pay Gap. Retrieved from The American Association of University Women(AAUW) http//www.aauw.org/research/the-simple-truth-about-the-gender-pay-gap/Nyhus, E. K., & Pons, E. (2012). Personality andthe gen der wage gap. Applied Economics, 44(1), 105-118.doi10.1080/00036846.2010.500272Ruthsdotter, B. E.(1998, January 01). History of the Womens Rights Movement. Retrievedfrom The National Womens History Projecthttp//www.nwhp.org/resources/womens-rights-movement/history-of-the-womens-rights-movement/