Amoled Technology Essay

Since 2001, funded by national and european programs, the Institute is developing new research lines focused on molecular magnets, molecular opto-electronic devices, molecular machines and supraand supermolecular structures with long lived electron transfer processes. The IcMol has employed more than 100 scientific researchers and is based at the Valencia University Campus. The Institute presents the most advanced systems for the preparation and characterization of organic light emitting diodes, organic solar cells and other molecule based opto-electronic devices. Main tasks in the project are the following: †¢ Preparation of p and n type solution processable charge injection layers †¢ Wet processing of optically or electronically active small molecules †¢ Hybrid and standard device preparation and characterization www. uv. es – www. icmol. es Appendix 5:CombOLED Project, Partners Leti Leti is a CEA laboratory located in Grenoble which is one of the main European applied research centres in electronics. More than 85% of its activity is devoted to research that is conducted with outside partners. We are a partner to the industrial world, with 200 collaborators and 350 contracts a year. Leti has led to the creation of almost 30 start-ups in high-technology, including Soitec, the world leader in Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI). We files some 180 patents a year and manage a portfolio of 1,000 inventions protected by patents. Our main areas of activity are as follows: †¢Micro-and nano-technologies for microelectronics, †¢ Technologies, design and integration of microsystems, †¢ Imaging technologies, †¢ Micro- and nano-technologies for biology and health, †¢ Communication technologies and nomad objects. Leti is endowed with an annual budget of 174 Mâ‚ ¬ and employs 1,000 people with, in addition, more than 500 external collaborators (postgraduates, research partners and industrialists). We have 11,000m? of clean rooms, an equipment portfolio worth 200 Mâ‚ ¬ and we invest more than 40 Mâ‚ ¬ a year on new equipment. Leti is one of the main forces behind Minatec ®, Europe’s premier Centre of Excellence in Microand Nano-technologies. In the future Minatec ® is destined to bring together more than 4,000 researchers, industrialists and teaching staff in Grenoble. www-leti. cea. fr Appendix 5:CombOLED Project, Partners PPML PPML is one of the first European companies that are investing in OLED applications. PPML was born in 2005 with the aim to become the excellence in manufacturing OLED based solutions. Having collected a wide database of feasible applications, PPML is currently working in the deployment of some prototypes and general demonstrator in partnership with OSRAM-OS and with the aim to launch the first solutions in parallel with OLED introduction into the lighting market. PPML will contribute to CombOLED project leading the dissemination activities in order to accelerate OLED penetration to the final users. For this reason, PPML will lead a wide dissemination campaign through known channels like the organization of a specific Design Contest and special Workshops with the major European Design School. www. ppml. it Appendix 5:CombOLED Project, Partners Schreiner Group Innovation, Quality, Performance and Enthusiasm are the values of Schreiner Group based in Oberschleissheim near Munich. The family-owned business develops, designs and produces high-tech products. As certified system suppliers and development partners, seven specialized divisions offer a comprehensive range of innovative products and customized solutions. Schreiner ProTech delivers individual solutions for self-adhesive markings and functional components for engineering industries. Schreiner MediPharm focuses on self-adhesive products for medical technology and pharmaceuticals. Schreiner ProSecure offers a wide range of counterfeit-proof solutions for authenticity and value protection. Schreiner LogiData specializes in data carriers, transponders and complete systems based on RFID technology. Schreiner VarioLight develops and produces printed electronics, in particular high-grade electroluminescent lamps with electronic power supply and control components. Schreiner Systems offers complete solutions from consulting support and development of specifications, to delivery and installation of hard- and software, all the way to after-sales service. Schreiner Labels designs and produces labels for product marking and advertising. Schreiner Group’s experience in printing electronic devices stems from various products including antennas, capacitive sensors and electroluminescent lamps.

Business Law: Man U Break Clause Rooney Essay

‘Manchester united Footballer Wayne Rooney signs new contract worth  £30 million’. Discuss the essentials of such a contract with particular reference to the function and efficacy of the ‘break clause’ and ‘confidentiality agreement’ it contains. 1,500 words. Guidance: You do not have to discuss Wayne’s actual contract; you do have to discuss the essentials of a contract. You must discuss express terms. What is a ‘break clause’? What is a ‘confidentially agreement’? What is the purpose of such clauses? Do they protect the parties to the contract? Do not forget to cite case law. The issue that will be discussed in this essay is the break clause/exemption and confidentiality agreement with regards to Wayne Rooney’s contract with Manchester United. An exemption clause, like any other term, will be incorporated into a contract if it is contained in a signed document; this was shown in the case of L’Estrange v Graucob (1934) where the purchaser of a vending machine was bound by a very wide exemption clause contained in the small print on the order form which she had signed. A break clause is a term in a tenancy agreement that allows a tenant to leave before the tenancy period comes to an end, without incurring any financial penalty. It is not unusual for a contract clause regarding proprietary information to also be included in many types of agreements. Break clauses are inserted as standard in contracts in Spanish football, and are generally related to the total wages the player will earn throughout his contract. The insertion of a break clause gives the player (Rooney) the freedom to move if his valuation is met, but it also protects the club against players who try to force cut-price deals’. In terms of Wayne Rooney and Manchester United FC, ‘Wayne Rooney is thought to have negotiated a break clause in his new five-year contract with Manchester United’ says an article in the Times. The striker can leave for as little as  £30 million if certain targets are not met on a year-by-year basis. Article 17 of the FIFA Transfer Regulations states that players can unilaterally cancel their contract with their club after a certain protected period has expired if an amount of compensation is paid to their original club. For players over the age of 28 the protected period for their contract is two years, meaning they will be able to unilaterally terminate their contract when they are two years into it. This rule applies to footballers under the age of 28. Rooney is 24 and therefore his protected period for contract is three years, meaning he will be able to unilaterally terminate his contract once he is three years into it however Rooney is not bound by this because he has his own break clause within his own contract that allows him to leave at any time if he is offered a minimum of  £30 million. Some contracts have what is known as a confidentiality agreement, this is a written legal contract between an employer and employee. The confidentiality agreement lays out binding terms and conditions of which prohibit Wayne Rooney from disclosing company confidentials on Manchester United. The purpose of a confidentiality contract is that it; creates certainty, establishes a contractual obligation, ensures enforcement and supports a claim under general law because it creates the relationship of confidence that is the basis of many claims and it sets out in detail the conduct which the disclosing party expects from the recipient). A confidentiality agreement is in effect for the duration of an employee’s employment and for a period of time following employment termination of which is the period of 5 years in this case. In the following case by Seager Limited v Copydex Limited [1967] 2 All ER 415, Lord Denning MR established the principle that even if you do not have a confidentiality agreement in place, under equity law a person who has received information in confidence cannot take unfair advantage of it. That person must not make use of it to the prejudice of the person who gave it without obtaining his or her consent. A contract is an agreement between two or more parties. A contract is defined as, an agreement made between two or more persons or entities with specific terms made between two or more persons or companies promising to do something in return for money or money’s worth. A contract begins with an offer. The offer is an expression of willingness to contract on certain terms. It allows the other party to accept the offer and provides the basis of the agreement. To be effective, an offer must be communicated, this is to say that there cannot be acceptance of an offer without knowledge of it. A valid contract requires: an agreement; an intention to create legal relations as shown in the case of Balfour v. Balfour [1919] 2 K.B. 571, here the courts found that both parties must intend that an agreement be legally binding in order to be an enforceable contract; and consideration (unless the Contract is made by deed). Whilst each of these three requirements receives separate treatment, they must in reality be looked at together. The rights and duties of both employers and employees are to be found in the contract of employment, they are referred to as terms of a contract. Some of these terms are express terms; that is they are expressly or specifically stated, either orally, say at the initial interview, or in writing. Express terms include things like pay, hours and holidays. The law states that certain express terms must be put in writing and handed to the employee in the form of a written statement of particulars within 8 weeks of starting work. There are other contractual terms called implied terms. These are not expressly or explicitly stated because, in the main, they are fairly obvious to both parties to the contract of employment. Occasionally the courts will imply a term in a contract of employment where an important term has been left out. Implied terms include statutory rights, such as the right to equal pay and duties such as a duty of care. Each contract clause contained within an agreement is aimed at defining the rights, privileges, and commitments that each party has determined represent the terms govern their working relationship. This is the purpose of such clauses. For example, in this football employment contract, Manchester United agrees to provide Wayne Rooney with a specific set of benefits, such as salary, health insurance, a retirement plan, a football team transfer and any other benefit that both parties have agreed is necessary. At the same time, the contract will contain clauses that determine the range of services that Rooney will provide in exchange for these benefits. The idea is to include as much detail as possible, so that there is very little room for misinterpretation of what is expected of each party.

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 50

Reflection - Essay Example I still remember when my boss Mr. Simbiel drafted a memo and gave me the mandate to spread to staff member offices and put them on the notice board. The memo never achieved purpose intended for because in had no date printed on it. I learnt the importance of scrutinizing a business document right from the plain paper to posting and even after. No detail should be left unattended to. In business field, establishing a professional relationship with clients through available meals like letters, emails and fax are key to consider. In additions, contracts are importantly documented in order to avoid disagreements from brewing. Throughout the session, I was an intern I have applied this key writing issues I learn from class and my mentors in the field and have sure achieved great results from it. Sending letters electronically and learning email etiquette came in handy because it is my area I was not well exposed to in class but had the chance to implement. Most companies have pitched tent on social platforms and it is essential as a business hopeful and intern to master the effective communication of the business in order to attract customers, maintain and meet social media terms and conditions. This includes blogging for the company and replying to customer requests on the internet via either emails, social platforms or the fax system. Using the right word during communication is important to relay a message intended across. Without which causes a false alarm. I became pray to this when an episode crept up because of wrong word use. I emailed a customer about the debt owed to the company without putting into mind the effect of the words I used. The client complained bitterly to our manager who explained soberly to the client about me and the purpose of the message and rested the case amicably. Internship in a learning session that students should take time to grasp concepts particularly the practical aspects so

Assignment 4 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

4 - Assignment Example This is why each society must have a set of rules to govern the code of conduct. Law in a society is an indication that everything should follow a specific order and the opposite of this is chaos. G- The Station, February 20, 2003, West Warwick, Rhode Island is regarded as one of deadliest nightclub fires that killed about 100 people . The fire was caused by pyrotechnics that ignited flammable sound insulation foam in the ceilings and walls. C- The first 72 hours following the landfall of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, Louisiana. This is regarded as the most deadliest and destructive Atlantic hurricane. At least 1,833 people died and property worth $ 81 million was destroyed. D -New Year’s Eve, Times Square, New York City, New York . This is a date where people all over the world to admire the dazzling lights from the Times Square. It is a symbolic centre of this city and regarded as a global tradition. H- Kiss, January 27, 2013, Santa Maria, Brazil this was a fire that started between 2:00 and 2:30 that killed at least 239 and injured 169. It is regarded as the most devastating fire disaster in the history of Brazil. A- The execution of Timothy Mc Veigh – Timothy Mc Veigh was a domestic terrorist who detonated a truck bomb in Oklahoma city that killed 168 people and injured over 800. It is one of the deadliest act of terrorism within the United

Annotated bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 15

Annotated Bibliography Example However, he goes on to express his discontent with the increasing spirit of war that is reflected in emerging nuclear weapons technology alongside expanding government expenditure on military. Most countries offers skewed information to the public to seek their approval on nuclear use and this manipulation is what Wilson rejects. The ideas of the author are relevant to the contemporary global political debate that strives to shun nuclear weapons. However, the author fails to mention the technology pressure that encompasses nuclear energy as more sustainable which is difficult to alienate from desire to make weapons. Bernstein is concerned about the level of ignorance across the world on critical aspects of nuclear weapons. He makes efforts through intensive and extensive research findings to explain the role society in addressing the issue of nuclear weapons. According to this author, most developed economies are bent on investing in nuclear technology or sustainable energy and weapons of mass destruction. There is significant ethical concern derived from this technology. According to Bernstein, pg.54, the public need to be informed about the dangers of nuclear weapons in environment and biological processes of living organisms including man. This information would offer a convincing perspective of nuclear weapons to the public who has the final say through political process to pass nuclear weapon bills and subsequent financing through taxes. The opinion of Bernstein is relevant to the question under discussion since it addresses the centrality of nuclear weapon in diplomatic relations among co untries besides health and environment related risks. Krieger offers the other side of nuclear technology argument. In his opinion, existing socio-economic and political events justifies nuclear weapons. However, he cautions against failure to establish and adhere to legal framework that would guard the society against this weapon of mass destruction. The author

Fiction ( Creaton from your imagination) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Fiction ( Creaton from your imagination) - Essay Example His life is all the more inspirational for me as his favorite sport is the same that is mine – cricket. In fact we do play together every now and then whenever we get time or it should be, whenever he gets time from his busy routine and hectic life. My uncle has had his due share of problems and struggles during his life. He has seen the highs and lows of life and I can safely conclude that he is all rounder by all measures of imagination. He has witnessed success when he was down in the dumps and face humiliation in the form of losses, both in terms of financial value as well as psychological pressures, but it is his genius that he never turned back on his principles and strong ideological limits and thus defeated whatever came in his way. His developmental process is such that he has only looked at the brighter side of things and never touched the negative as according to him, doing the latter can reap nothing but misery for both the individual as well as the people related with him or her. Thus he molded his life in such a manner which would only provide him solace and peace of mind whenever he was in hot waters and nothing right came across him. He has seen financial losses that took away quite a huge sum of his bank balanc e in late 1980s when he was doing a roaring business of textile designing yet he did not succumb under pressure from people related to him and the near and dear ones advised him to divest whatever was left in the business. He continued and marched along at the same speed, so much so that now he has his own textile factory located in the outskirts of the city. He has been a model of inspiration for one and all and I can safely call him my mentor whenever I run into any problem in my day to day life. His advice is always that has brought a new lease of life in me and helped me see things in a more positive fashion rather than just sitting and sulking over the

User Manual Critique Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

User Manual Critique - Research Paper Example It measures five inches in width, 4.1 inches in height and 3.1 inches in breadth. It has an approximate weight of five hundred and sixty grams making it very light for portability purposes. The writer of the manual has organized the manual in a very user friendly way tackling each component of the camera at a time. The writer introduces the user of the manual with a basic overview of the components of the camera. This includes the simple to understand peripherals and components of the camera like the camera body, view finder, monitor, command dial, power switch and the mode dial (Thomas 2009). In introducing the user to such components the user can easily understand the detailed description of the other finer components. After the introduction of the user to the hardware components of the camera, the manual unfolds to the software components. This is in relation to the use of the camera and the various user interfaces integrated into the camera to enhance functionality. The user is introduced to use of the various camera menus. After this, the user is slowly introduced to the real use of the camera like in the first instance the user should charge the battery and then insert it back to the camera. The writer explains step by step on the initial set up procedure to make sure that the camera works as intended. However, this should have been discussed before the explanation on the camera menus for easy understanding. If the menus had been discussed after the initial set up of the camera, the camera can find it easier to follow. The manual also explains on the working of the camera. It explains step by step on the procedure to follow when taking pictures of varied nature. It goes ahead to explaining how the user should handle the camera, start, set the stings and select the background. However in demonstrating this, there should be clear images to show how and where to press or change the

SCI P1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SCI P1 - Essay Example Called also silicium† While Semi conductor is â€Å"Crystalline element (such as germanium or silicon) or compound (such as gallium arsenide or indium phosphide) that is between a conductor (such as a metal) and an insulator (such as glass) in its ability to conduct electric current. This ability can be selectively controlled by doping the material with an impurity (such as aluminum or boron) and/or by running another current through the material at a different axis. Semiconductors are used in making solid state electronic devices such as diodes, rectifiers, transistors, and integrated circuits (computer and memory chips).† This is according to BusinessDictionary.com. This has helped the revolution of computers in that the silicon base semi conductors has help in the manufacture of components used in the assembly of computer and other electronic devices that make our lives easier leading to Technology. The definition of Technology according Merriam (2012), Technology is â€Å"the use of science in industry, engineering, etc., to invent useful things or to solve problems or a machine, piece of equipment, method, etc., that is created by technology.† There are three kinds of technology construction technology, medical technology, and information technology. In Construction Technology, an example for Hydraform Brick and Block Machines has been discovered such as interlocking bricks which use less cement. It is an easier, cheaper, and less time consuming way of constructing bricks. In Medical Technology, machines and medicines have been invented or discovered to help save lives and make it easier for treatments. For example computed axial tomography (CAT) Scan machines in the past it was difficult to get images of internal organs when one had an accident but thanks to technology, it is easier to detect internal problems of an individual hence saving many lives. An example is when one has an accident, to detect whether they have internal bleeding; they use the CAT

Compare Dante (the divine comedy) and Odyssey Essay

Compare Dante (the divine comedy) and Odyssey - Essay Example ‘The Divine Comedy’ by Dante and ‘Odyssey’ by Homer are two such pieces that can be compared. The former is the story of the â€Å"Christian afterlife† and the journey through the various circles of Heaven and Hell, that stand for the various sins committed in life on Earth. The latter, is the story fo the journey of Odyssey or Ulysses, after the Trojan War, to Ithaca which is his home. One of the striking similarities between the two pieces is the form. Both the pieces of Literature are written in the form of an Epic Poem. This form is inclusive of journey, heroic acts, tests and sacrifices, teachings and other transitions. The Divine Comedy is an Italian epic poem, while the Odyssey is a Greek one. Both the pieces of literature begin medias res. In other words, they start off in the middle of action or in the mid-life. The Divine Comedy, for instance starts off after the individual has lived his transient life on earth and progresses towards the permanent life in Heaven. The Odyssey, on the other hand, starts of after the Trojan War and describes the ten years of Ulysses’ journey back to Ithaca. Thus, both start of mid-action. The structure is more or less similar, on account of the segregation and demarcation of the whole epic poem into different segments. Be it the Inferno, Purgatorio and Paradiso or the twenty-four books of the Odyssey, it is more or less the same. However, there are quite a number of dissimilarities as well. While the form of the epic poetry is similar, the theme varies. While The Divine Comedy deals with the theology of the Christian faith and the elements of medieval belief as kindled

7.Use extended examples to compare and contrast the characteristics of Essay

7.Use extended examples to compare and contrast the characteristics of a growing and a mature product market. Discuss how different product market phases affect a companys cost recovery - Essay Example Page 74. 2002). Every economic entity or product market has its own typical variables. As Jack Welch sums it up, â€Å"Every job you take is a gamble that could increase your options or shut them down.†(2005. Page 264). On this â€Å"drive to maturity† (Rostow.2008.Page 9), the various stages of development are characterized by different features, both qualitative as well as quantitative. When the market is growing, or emerging as the jargon puts it, there is hectic industrial activity, growth rates aim higher, profit margins are low and investment multipliers are in great demand, since there is an increasing need for plough back. There is a high appetite for investment, impacting the rates of interest. Labour costs are low, non renewable natural resources are abundant, and economic activity mainly uses natural resources. Often, a growing market is characterized by a higher degree of inflation than a mature market. The growing market manifests high potential for volume growth since it addresses first time users to a great extent. There is high appetite for products, and entrepreneurs and marketers use the opportunity for test marketing, new product launches, preference- indifference surveys and market research to arrive at optimum product offerings. There is potential to grow both horizontally and vertically- which means that expansion of user base through market penetration and per capita volume growth, both are possible in a growing market. Population grows at a faster rate than in mature markets. Market penetration and development of upcountry markets requires ongoing infrastructural development, which again, is an essential feature of an emerging or growing market. Environmental concerns start to raise their ugly head, but are put on the backburner mostly. It would be interesting to discuss the car industry category while

Hebrew Wisdom Essay Example for Free

Hebrew Wisdom Essay The book of Proverbs can be very useful to its readers when in need of wisdom or helpful insight. Everyday people are forced to make life choices—good or bad. The book of Proverbs covers various issues and topics that can be found useful when making any decision. Whether it is an issue of marriage, sexuality, wealth, poverty, guarding the tongue, dealing with emotions, or many more, Proverbs paints a vivid picture of what both the right path and the wrong path have in store. The book of Proverbs â€Å"presents a vivid contrast between the life of wisdom and the life of folly† (Hindson and Yates 263). Proverbs is God’s manual to His people on how to live a life that is pleasing to Him. Throughout the book of Proverbs, readers will see the words diligence and laziness multiple times. These words correspond with the contrast between wisdom and folly because diligence is the result of wisdom and laziness is the result of folly. Towards the beginning of the book of Proverbs one verse in particular tells its readers clearly where the root of gaining wisdom and diligence is at: â€Å"The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge, but fools despise wisdom and discipline† (New International Version, Prov. 1.7). All wisdom comes from fearing the Lord. This type of fear is not a fear of terror but rather a fear of awe and reverence. By having a respect for God, His children should want to please Him, which would result in considering the outcome in every decision being made. When people make wise choices it results in diligence, peace of mind, wealth (literally or spiritually), and gaining more knowledge. In contrast, foolish decisions bring about destruction, fear, laziness, and much more. Throughout Proverbs readers will repeatedly see warnings against laziness and rewards for diligence: â€Å"Diligent hands will rule, but laziness ends in slave labor† (Prov. 12.24). There is a theme throughout Proverbs repeatedly stating the benefits of diligence and the consequences of laziness. These  principles tie into wisdom and folly because when being wise, people will be wise with their time and are on the path to be continually growing in themselves and in the Lord. The reward in being diligent is an overflow of blessings â€Å"The blessings of the Lord brings wealth, and he adds no trouble to it† (Prov. 10.22). When being foolish people do not recognize the preciousness of time. In being selfish, they do not understand that their lack of action affects others†¦or they do not seem to care. When not walking with God and depending on our own abilities and understanding, people will miss out on the rewards of diligence. â€Å"He who trusts in himself is a fool, but he who walks in wisdom is kept safe† (Prov. 28.26). When reading the book of Proverbs, readers will find the book to be overflowing with wise instructions on how to live a life that glorifies God. Big or small, Proverbs offers many wise words and teachings for every situation people walk through in life. Whatever circumstance someone is going through the book of Proverbs gives helpful insight on how to wisely navigate life. Throughout the book of Proverbs readers will see a pattern of the rewards that diligence reaps and the natural consequences one must face when being lazy. This compares to the contrast between wisdom and folly in that when being wise in all one does, there will be a multitude of blessings and rewards. â€Å"†¦Get wisdom, discipline and understanding† (Prov. 23.23b). Just like when being lazy, when one is foolish there will be some unpleasant consequences in hopes that a lesson will be learned the next time around. â€Å"A wise man fears the Lord and shuns evil, but a fool is hotheaded and reckless† (Prov. 14.16). Works Cited Hindson, Ed, and Gary, Yates. The Essence of the Old Testament: A Survey. Nashville: BH Publishing Group, n.d. Print. New International Version. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, n.d. Print.

Signification of Professionalism in Nursing Essay Example for Free

Signification of Professionalism in Nursing Essay Historically, one’s perception of a nurse could be represented by mental images of conformity. Dressed in crisp, pallid uniforms; individuals projected a polished and poised appearance lacking the embodiment of unique qualities. Regardless of their disciplined nature, a nurse may have only been considered an altruist servant of to their community or as an assistant to a physician. Rarely were they considered a professional. Modern advancements in academia have secured nurses a respected position within the professional community. What in particular contributes to professionalism? LaSala and Nelson state that: â€Å"appearance, behavior, and communication have a cumulative effect on the professional image† (2005). A professional appearance reflects an impressionable message in which a patient may feel more secure in your ability to care for them, as it appears you are able to care for yourself. Professional behavior is necessary in order to convey a role of influence. In order for a nurse to effectively educate, she herself must model positive health promotional practices and avoid damaging convention. Additionally, â€Å"posture and body language are one influence on others’ perception of competence† (LaSala, Nelson, 2005). Professional communication is vital to a nurse’s credibility. Whether spoken or written, â€Å"An individual who uses language skillfully and appropriately reflects intelligence and knowledge† (Arnold and Boggs, 2004). The significance of professionalism in appearance, behavior, and communication is essential to understand. Positive, professional influence will enable a nurse to develop trusting relationships with their patients, which in turn, will ensure competent care and the ability to maintain the respect earned as professionals. Works Cited LaSala, K. B., Nelson, J. (2005). What contributes to professionalism? Medsurg Nursing, 14(1), 63-7. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/230521474?accountid=89121 Arnold, E., Boggs, K.U. (2004). Interpersonal relationships: Professional communication skills for nurses. St. Louis: Saunders

Group of individuals working together to achieve a common goal

Group of individuals working together to achieve a common goal Introduction An organization can be defined as a group of individuals working together to achieve a common goal or objective. In the business environment various types of organization can be observed, i.e. profit making vs. non profit making, product based vs. service based, localized vs. international and etc. The goals and objectives of an organization would vary according to the type of organization. Since the capability of the organization depends on the ability or the performance of the individuals who works in an organization, ability of the employees can be enhanced through various factors and also through better structure and culture of the organization. For the purpose of this report the organizations which were selected are Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank. Nations Trust Bank can be considered as one of the fastest growing banks in Sri Lanka today. As a young and dynamic bank, it has immediate appeal for young and sophisticated professionals looking for a bank they can identify with. The bank has 40 branches, 9 leasing centers, 43 ATMs, 6 personal banking centers as well as Internet Banking. Considered to be one of the most customer-centric financial institutions today, Nations Trust Bank provides tailored services for contemporary lifestyles. Standard Chartered PLC is a British financial services company headquartered in London, England with operations in more than seventy countries. It operates a network of over 1,700 branches and outlets (including subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures) and employs 80,000 people. Despite its British base, it has few customers in the United Kingdom and around 90% of its profits come from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Because the banks history is entwined with the development of the British Empire, its operations lie predominantly in former British colonies, though over the past two decades it has expanded into countries that have historically had little British influence. Organizational Structure and Culture The selected organizations, which are Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank, belong to service sector organizations and provide a range of banking services. However, Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank can be categorized as national and multinational respectively; it was possible to arrive at the following conclusion after considering the geographic area in which these organizations operate. Nations Trust Bank can be considered as a localized, national bank as it only operates within Sri Lanka, whereas Standard Chartered Bank has established a global network which spreads over 70 countries from Asia, Africa, America, Europe and Middle East. Hence Standard Chartered Bank can be classified as a multinational organization. Organizational Structure The main purpose of organizational structure can be identified as the division of work among member of the organization, and the co-ordination of their activities so they are directed towards the goals and objectives of the organization. There are mainly three types of organizational structures. 1) Functional Structure: In such a structure groups of people who hold similar skills or perform similar tasks are clustered together and usually departments are formed. 2) Divisional Structure: Divisional structures can be of three types. They are, Division based on Product: Each product division contains the functions necessary to that service the specific goods or services it produces Division based on Market: Group functions into divisions that can be responsive to the needs of particular types of customers Division based on Geography: In such a structure regional divisions are set up to service customers in different geographic areas 3) Matrix Structure: In a matrix structure specialists from functional departments would be assigned to work on one or more projects that are lead by a project manager. As Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank are public limited companies and specially the latter being a very large organization, these organizations need to follow a formal organizational structure where they would be able to monitor the activities, assign responsibility for groups and individual members and co-ordinate different parts of the organization. The members or the employees within Nations Trust Bank have been categorized based on the field or the area in which they are specialized, for instance those who are specialized in sales and marketing would be assigned work related to sales and marketing and would be clustered together. According to this, various departments in Nations Trust Bank have been created, where, for each department an individual leader would be assigned to ensure regulated smooth flow of business operations. These individual leaders would then report the overall progress of each department to the top management and board of directors as required and decisions would be made with the involvement of the top management. Hence, it is possible to arrive at the conclusion that Nations Trust Bank follows a functional organizational structure which is more of a centralized structure. Further it could be said division of work within Nations Trust Bank has taken place by major function or purpose. It could also be said that Nations Trust Bank follows more of a centralized structure than a decentralized structure as the organization sets down policies which would affect the organization as a whole and also mainly since all decisions would be made under strict management supervision and involvement. This centralization could also be due to the cultural effect which is prominent within the country, which is the power culture where control is the key element. Based on the above information it could be understood why Nations Trust Bank follows a functional organizational structure and also it could be understood that Nations Trust Bank follows a functional organizational structure as it has a range of services which can be grouped under one leader. Nations Trust Bank has the following advantages of using a functional organizational structure. Since all the employees who are specialized in a specific area are clustered together, newer employees and other employees would be able to learn easily from each other. Employees would be able to benchmark themselves with other employees who have higher performance and are working in the same specialized area and would develop themselves further in a more competitive manner. In the following structure the decision making process is bureaucratic. Since the culture which is mostly commonly seen within Sri Lanka is power culture, when the bank follows such a structure it will be easier to control the organization in order to achieve its goals and objectives as expected. Since all employees perform similar task within one department work specialization takes place and this would help the organization to increase overall productivity. Nations Trust Bank not only has advantages of following a functional organizational structure but it also has some disadvantages. Since decisions are always made with the involvement of the top management individual employees would not be able to make decisions on their own resulting in inefficiency. The organization follows a bureaucratic decision making process and also problem resolution process; this would mean a low level of employee participation. As a result the chance for a successful leader to be born in such an environment would be low and hence the chance for the organization to gather new leaders from within the organization who understand the nature of the organization would be low. Standard chartered bank is a large multinational organization which operates in more than 70. Unlike in Nations Trust Bank, Standard Chartered Bank does not follow a functional organizational structure and is less centralized (but the bank follows a centralized structure) meaning Standard Chartered Bank gives more authority to its employees than Nations Trust Bank. Instead of following a functional organizational structure, Standard Chartered Bank follows what is called a divisional organizational structure according to geographic area. Where Standard Chartered Bank would have a regional or divisional head for each region within which it operates. Standard Chartered Bank mainly has the following advantage of using a divisional structure according to geographic area. The bank would be able to provide banking services which would be more suitable for each country. For example Standard Chartered Saadiq Banking is a service associated with Islamic banking, in other words the bank follows Shariah principles. The bank has provided various Islamic banking products and services for countries where Islamic population is high (e.g. Malaysia, UAE, Pakistan and Bangladesh). Beyond this there are a few disadvantages of using such a structure. These disadvantages are listed below. Since there would be repetition of similar jobs the operational overhead cost would be high. Since the branches of the bank would be benchmarked against each other conflict situations may arise. After analyzing the above mentioned information it was possible to arrive at the conclusion that a divisional structure would be the best organizational structure from the above two organizational structures if Nations Trust Bank has an intention to expand overseas as it will be easier to control the organization and since it would not be very practical to use a functional structure in such a situation. And also becoming less centralized will help the organization to function with more efficiency. Organizational Networks and Linkages Nations Trust Bank has a network which covers only Sri Lanka. Due to this network the bank has been able to expand itself throughout the island in such a manner that customers would be able to carry out banking transactions easily from any part of the island where there is at least an Automatic Teller Machine available. The bank uses the Flexcube Banking System to maintain the network of branches, outlets and ATMs. It has been identified the availability of flexible working programs within Nations Trust Bank is low. Part time employment can be identified as the only significant flexible working program at Nations Trust Bank. Standard Chartered Bank covers a wide range of countries unlike Nations Trust Bank. The bank uses computer software in order to maintain a global scale network. Especially the bank would use Sun Microsystems platform or UNIX platform software in order to maintain the data base. These systems enable the centralization of data for the bank. Standard Chartered Bank has recognized the importance of flexible working programs. The bank has understood flexible working programs play a vital role in retaining employees, increasing engagement and attracting a larger and more diverse pool of talent. Hence the organization is trying to introduce more flexible working programs. At the moment the bank uses the following flexible working programs; part time employment, switching between shifts (the employee would be given the opportunity to choose the shift during which he prefers to work) and also the bank has introduced working from home facility initially in four countries namely Ghana, United S tates, United Kingdome and Singapore. However, the bank does not follow working from home facility in Sri Lanka. Organizational Culture Each organization will have its own unique organizational culture and most of the time large organizations would tend to have a mix of these cultures. 1) Power Culture: Power culture is common for small and medium size organizations. In such organizations decision making is centralized and also these organizations can react quickly to danger around as there would be no consultation required. Further, in a power culture control would be the key element. 2) Role Culture: Role culture is common for large organizations. The key element would be the area of specialization. 3) Task Culture: Task culture is popular in modern business society and refers to a team based approach to complete a particular task. In such a culture staff would feel motivated because they are empowered to make decisions within their team. 4) Person Culture: Person culture is common in non profit or charity organizations. The main focus of such organizations is the individual or a particular aim. 5) Forward and Backward Looking Cultures: Forward looking organizations are risk takers and perform well due to this risk taking ability. Whereas backward looking organizations are organizations which do not embrace change and are led by systems and procedures. When the organization, i.e. Nations Trust Bank, has been analyzed it was possible to identify the organization has a dynamic and a fast paced working environment where open feedback, performance based rewards and remunerations are encouraged. Further employees are encouraged to develop new skills and are empowered by the provision of career opportunities which have a variety of different features. Based on this information it was possible to identify that the culture within Nations Trust Bank is a forward looking culture which has allowed the organization to perform well, expand and become one of the youngest and successful banks within Sri Lanka. However, the bank has some aspect of power culture as well. This could mainly be seen in the decision making process where employees would tend to rely upon some superior source when making a decision. Power culture within the organization could be due to the strong power culture existing within the country. Standard Chartered Bank being a bank which operates in more than 70 countries with its headquarters located in London, England would mainly follow the organizational culture which is prominent within its headquarters, this would be role culture. However, there would be variations to the culture of branches operating in other regions as it would not be practical to follow an organizational culture which would conflict with a particular regions culture. For example consider the United Kingdom headquarters and the Sri Lankan Head Office. Employees in United Kingdom would usually be clock conscious as they would consider time is money and also it is unprofessional to get late for work, whereas in Sri Lanka the employees would not really see much of a difference in getting late for work as the country would naturally have easy going relaxed people who would not hurry things. The headquarters would naturally assume that all employees of the bank would perform their tasks and duties on time as this is their culture. However, this would not be the case in most situations and therefore to ensure that work is done the branches in Sri Lanka would have to lay down strict rules and regulations. Constant reminders too would have to be given in order to get a task done. And hence the culture of the country automatically starts taking effect where power culture would have to be followed in order to achieve the expected. However, on analyzing the overall information of Standard Chartered Bank it can be understood that the bank has a unique culture which it has developed through the years by communicating with broad ranges of stakeholders, prospective employees and customers. Based on the above information finally it was possible to arrive at the conclusion that organizational culture plays an important role in forming an organizational structure as well as for the success or the failure of a business. Misinterpreting the culture in which an organization operates can lead to conflict and finally maybe even complete shutting down of the organization. Therefore it is a must to interpret and understand the culture within which an organization operates and to select an appropriate organization structure on this basis. The Human Resource Function Stakeholder Perspective: It is clear that stakeholders would have objectives and would expect organizations to achieve these objectives. The organizations should always consider their stakeholders point of view before making any decisions as this will help to minimize conflicts and avoid a purely instrumental or theoretical approach to Human Resource Management. Nations Trust Bank considers the impact of its activities on various stakeholder groups, carries out activities which will develop a good relationship with stakeholders and also abides by the rules, regulations and carries out business in an ethical manner for the above mentioned purposes. The same would apply to Standard Chartered Bank. However, the branches of Standard Chartered Bank would provide more flexibility (especially for employees) and facilities than Nations Trust Bank. Human Resource Roles: The role of Human Resource Management (Personal Management) is taking care and handling the organizations most important resource which is the people resource or the employees. Human Resource Management would help the organization to maintain a balance and efficiently coordinate with the employees so they can work more efficiently and effectively. The HR department of Nations Trust Bank carries out an immense number of activities for the above mentioned purposes; these activities range from arranging functions such as Christmas Eve get-togethers to New Year celebrations where management and employees from various departments can interact with each other. Beyond this career guidance programs, training and development programs (the bank has a special training and development team for this purpose), remuneration and reward schemes and exit interview are conducted. Standard Chartered Bank too carries out an immense number of activities like Nations Trust Bank to ensure that they stand by their HR roles. Further, Standard Chartered Bank provides a day care facility; the centre provides day care services and educational activities throughout the working day for children aged between six months and 12 years. The organization also carries out exchange programs (India China exchange program) so that employees would have an exciting opportunity to advance their careers and experience a new culture. For the Bank, it is an opportunity to facilitate the sharing of best practice, ideas and new ways of working between two key markets. Personnel Policies: An organizations personnel policy means a plan, a course of action or guiding principles which that business will use to influence and determine decisions, actions and other matters. Both Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank would have various personnel policies. For example Standard Chartered Bank has developed a policy on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). By this policy the bank ensures that its employees who have HIV AIDS can still work as normal employees without any form of harassment. Where Nations Trust Bank has a policy, going paperless, by which it tries to minimize the usage of paper by transferring all its activities to non-paper based forms such as emailing. By this the organization expects to protect the environment. Beyond the above mentioned policies both of these banks would have numerous policies which have been set in place regarding various matters. Strategies, Operating Plans and Strategic Goals for Personnel: An organizations strategy is about what the organization wants to achieve in the long term. There would be various techniques followed by an organization to achieve these goals and objectives. For example, Standard Chartered Bank wants to achieve growth and it plans to do so by following a simple method where it would ask itself self assessment questions and by following a SMART approach. The bank would apply the same procedure for its employees. Nations Trust Bank follows a similar approach where it has stated its strategic priorities and how the bank expects to achieve them. Finally it was possible to arrive at the conclusion that carrying out Human Resources Functions would help any organization to be successful. For these purposes various elements such as stakeholder perspective, HR roles, personal policies, strategies and operating plans, and strategic goals for personnel have to be considered. Individual Behavior at Work Each individual would be different from each other in some aspect or the other. These differences could be due to demographic factors, abilities and skills, perception, attitude and personality. These factors would not only differentiate individuals but would affect their on the job performance as well as their behavior. Nations Trust Bank would have employees from various ethnic groups in Sri Lanka. Therefore the employees at Nations Trust Bank would be able to experience the difference between each culture and would behave according to the stimuli they receive from the working environment. Due to the civil war which was going on for many years, some of the Sinhalese employees working at the bank would have formed a perception about Tamil employees and would have a different attitude towards these employees, where they would tend to act in a negative unfavorable manner, lose interest and in turn would think negatively regarding their job. Beyond this the Sinhalese employees may think that they are better able to perform the tasks rather than Tamils due to cultural factors. Also since some of these Tamil and Sinhalese employees would have been affected by the civil war, the personality of these employees may have been affected and may have induced negative thinking patterns within them. This may lead to conflict within the organization. However, Nations Trust Bank treats all employees equally and has taken many measures to ensure that no conflict takes place. In fact Nations Trust Bank encourages its Sinhalese employees to learn the Tamil and Tamil employees to learn Sinhalese. Further, the bank has encouraged interaction between these groups of people through various social activities so that they would be able to better understand each other and value each others culture. The bank provides counseling sessions, training and development and also carrier guidance for these employees so that they can improve themselves. This would help the employees to understand their tasks and duties better, will lead to improved performance, help employees to understand the importance of what each other is doing and appreciate their performance. Since Standard Chartered Bank is an international bank the demographic element in terms of especially in terms of culture would be very prominent. The branches which operate in Sri Lanka would undergo nearly the same issues related with individual behavior at work and follow similar measures to prevent conflict of any form. However, when Standard Chartered Bank is considered from an international point of view it is clear that the bank would like to increase interaction and gain better understanding of different cultures as well as provide its employees awareness regarding different cultures. A clear example for this type of attempt is the employee exchange program which the bank conducts, for the first time this was done between India and China. Further the bank has included female workforce where 46% of the workforce are females and employees with disabilities where the first employees with disabilities were from Sri Lanka. Further the bank believes that different employees from different regions have skills which would be useful for other regions this is another aspect which Standard Chartered Bank has considered in its employee exchange program. These exchange programs will help the employees with different skills to interact and help employees to identify their skills. This will help employees attitude as this will encourage positive thinking. Also this would help employees to gain confidence and in terms improve their personality. This would affect their behavior at work. Beyond this the organization has established a day care facility in Sri Lanka. This will help the working parents to attend their duties without worry and this will help overall attitude of the employees during work making them more productive. Provisions of such facilities help the employees have a better perception of the organization. On analyzing the above information it was possible to arrive at the conclusion that behavior of employees at work from both organizations would be affected by factors such as demographic factors, abilities and skills, perception, attitude and personality. It was also possible to arrive at the conclusion that developing understanding among employees will help the organizations function as one unit and achieve the goals and objectives of that organization. Approaches to Management and Theories of Organization Management approaches and organizational theories deal with how an organization achieves its management objectives through the organizational structure, its design and other elements. The management theories can be classified as five major schools of management thought. They are, Classical School of Management (Includes Scientific Management and Bureaucratic management) here the emphasis was on managing workers and organizations more efficiently Behavioral School of Management (Includes Human Relations) here the emphasis was on understanding human behavior in the organization Quantitative School of Management here the emphasis was on increasing quality of managerial decision-making through the application of mathematical and statistical methods Systems School of Management here the emphasis was on understanding the organization as a system that transforms inputs into outputs while in constant interaction with its environment Contingency School of Management (Includes Contingency approaches) here the emphasis was on applying management principles and processes as dictated by the unique characteristics of each situation It was understood that Nations Trust Bank follows a functional structure and Standard Chartered Bank follows a divisional structure based on geographic area. Standard Chartered Bank follows a mixed structure where centralized and decentralized are both considered when making decisions. And Nations Trust Bank follows a centralized approach. Further it was identified that Nations Trust Bank follows a tall span of control whereas Standard Chartered Bank has a flat span of control. Based on the above information it is important to understand the management theories which the organization follows. Classical School of Management: Even though scientific management was introduced many years before, organizations still use these principles or theories with minor adjustments. When scientific management is considered, Henry Fayol would be the significant character which would emerge. Todays organizations follow what Henry Fayol introduced with minor adjustments. Bureaucracy means the usage of rules, regulations, policies, procedures and standardization of activities. This concept was introduced by Max Weber. This type of management would be used in the military and not in a bank usually. This could be understood through the way in which both banks operate. Behavioral School of Management: According to research which was carried out it has been possible to identify that human interaction or group relationships have a direct impact on productivity and would help to increase the motivation of employees. Therefore, the behavioral management school principles are more focused to understand individual employees behavior, their interaction and also motivational factors. When Nations Trust Bank has been considered it was possible to understand that the organization carries out many activities which would encourage employee communication. Further, the employee exchange program which is carried out by Standard Chartered Bank can be considered as another example. Systems School of Management and Contingency School of Management: As it was mentioned before both the organizations, Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank, follow a centralized structure. However, in the case of Standard Chartered Bank centralization is less prominent as the bank believes that empowerment of employees would bring out the best from the employees. In a systems approach the organization as a whole would be considered as one system and hence in these type of systems integration, communication and independence plays a vital role. Whereas in contingency approach it is believed that there is no best way to arrange an organization and this has to be decided based on the nature of the organization. Finally, it could be understood that even though organizations still follow scientific management they try to move more towards the usage of human relations approach and a contingency approach. Functions of Management There are mainly four functions of management. These functions are, 1) Planning: Determines the broad lines for carrying out operations, preparing methods by which they are carried out and setting standards of performance. When planning is done the management of the organizations would need to gather information from the environment in which they operate. For this purpose the organizations would use the macroeconomic factors and would use the PEST tool. Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank would both use the PEST tool so that they would be able to analyze the macroeconomic factors which would affect their organization. PEST factors would nearly be the same for both these organizations when the Standard Chartered Bank which operates in Sri Lanka is considered but the bank would have a greater international influence than Nations Trust Bank. The constant changes in the environment should be regularly noted through the PEST tool and based on that the organizations should be able to respond. Further, planning would have the following aspects; forecasting, utilization and also action decision. 2) Control: Checking actual performance against standards to ensure satisfactory progress and performance, and recording as a guide to possible future operations. Control is a vital element for both, Nations Trust Bank and also Standard Chartered Bank, as it is the only way by which the managers can find out if the organization is achieving the goals and objectives. Controlling can be carried out by standards, measurements and comparisons. For example, when considering the employee turnover for both the organizations, Nations Trust Bank has been able to continuously decrease its employee turnover. However, at Standard Chartered Bank the employee turnover in countries like India and Pakistan has been increasing. To prevent this bank has introduced a pilot. Further, organizational performance could be measured based on productivity measures, through financial rations which could be compared against benchmarked companies, by setting standards and having key performance indicators. 3) Co ordination: Balancing and marinating the team by ensuring a suitable division of work and seeing that tasks are performed in harmony. Both banks have been able to co ordinate their activities through suitable divisions. In the case of Nations Trust Bank the bank has ensured that its range of diverse employees would better understand each other through various activities so that ultimately they would be able to work together as a team to achieve the goals of the organization whereas in Standard Chartered Bank the organization would also have to consider the international market within which they operate so that they would be able to better co ordinate

determinism Essay -- essays research papers fc

Free Will Imagine if you found yourself in a state of bondage where every action desire and feeling was planned on an inexorable agenda that you could not help but comply with. Although this seems like a dark and fantastical world, if the idea of determinism is fully accepted than it may not be as distant as you might think. The idea of Free Will is one of the most timeless and dubitable philosophical questions and is imposable to disregard. The idea of Free Will has three prevailing schools of thought, consisting of Determinism, (The belief that every action is determined and therefore, not free.), Liberalism (the belief that our actions are not causally determined and therefore, free.)and lastly, Compatibilism (The belief that Determinism is Compatibilism with Free Will.). Each outlook has its points as well as dissentions, but of all the angles, the one I must believe in is Compatibilism and this is why. Although Compatibilism is what I choose to believe, the other arguments are based on pr incipals that cannot be ignored. The first view that I am going to deal with is that of the Determinist, namely the â€Å"Hard† one. Determinism is the belief that every action is the result of a previous action, and was therefore determined to occur. If all actions are determined by previous actions than no actions can be made freely. Like the cosmological argument, determinism rests on the logical fact that no uncaused event can occur. What separates a DeterministËÅ" from a compatibilist is the belief that any action that occurs could not of happened in any other way. If this were the case then it would be theoretically possible to predict the future simply by observing the past and present. Because nobody can successfully and consistently predict the future, some people believe that this is an argument against determinism. The determinist easily dismisses this argument with the response that humans don’t have the power to see let alone interpret the myriad of event s that lead to an action. Another common argument is the idea that if you were told what the future had in store for you, you could therefore consciously alter this out come. This argument is smashed with the fact that if you were told the future and you altered it, the future you were told was not the future because what actually occurred was different than what was predicted. Although, the strongest argument... ...cause you ran out of gas, the reason you ran out of gas is because you were driving your car, the reason that you were driving your car was because you had to drive to work, the reason that you had to go to work was because you needed to feed and shelter yourself. As you can see, even the most mundane task of going to the gas station can be linked back to basic human survival. Now imagine that you are at the gas station and you realize that your oil is very low. As a result you go inside and find two brands of oil, neither of which you have seen before. Both brands cost the same, have the same ingredients, have the same general appearance, (ex. color, shape and texture) and are both equally accessible. Even though it was causally determined that you are in the gas station making this decision, the decision it’s self is under no constraint and can go one way as easily as the other and is there fore a free, as well as causally determined decision. Even though the writing of this paper was causally constrained and did not answer a single question, I hope that it helped you as much as it helped my self get a grasp on the most enduring question of all. bibliography: sparknotes

I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings. :: essays research papers

The Effects of One Person Upon The World From an apprehensive child growing up in a small town in Arkansas, Maya Angelou has evolved into an influential, wise, and respected woman. She has overcome obstacles and has grown into one of the à ©lite intellectual people of this country, and perhaps the world. Along her numerous struggles, various people have given her positive guidance and passed down their knowledge to her. Among these people was Mrs. Bertha Flowers, a person in which Maya respected greatly. She was a dignified person that Maya could strive to achieve the gratitude that Mrs. Flowers gave to the people around her, a sense of appreciation. In her life story, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Maya Angelou attributes her characteristics she has acquired today, being influential, wise, and respected, to Mrs. Flowers, who shows her the power of a voice, the knowledge of literature, and pride in her race, and turns a self-conscious girl, into one of the most profound writers of our time. Mrs. Flowers enlightened Maya on the importance, and dominant effect, of expression through an individual voice. Earlier in her life, Maya was sexually molested and raped, and as a result, became dormant towards society. This was such a traumatizing event in her life that struck her obviously, in a physical sense, but moreover, mentally. Where she was once a brilliant outgoing child, she became a quiet, somber adult. As a result of this, Mrs. Flowers stepped in and told Maya to, “…bear in mind, language is man’s way of communicating with his fellow man and it is language alone which separates him from the lower animals.'; The intellect and beauty of Mrs. Flowers was shown through this quote which she educated Maya. If that was the only thing she ever mentioned to Maya, the beauty of the words alone could have changed her from a cocoon sleeping in the darkness, into a butterfly fluttering alongside the sun. Without Mrs. Flowers introduction and reasoning to speech, M aya would never have realized the power of the voice and would have been dormant from society the rest of her life. In addition to the importance of voice, Mrs. Flowers opened Maya’s to literature, and the knowledge it brings. Earlier in Angelou’s life, she was interested in comics and some poetry, but now a new outlook was imposed upon her, the power literature.

Why is Diotima a woman? Essay -- essays research papers

Diotima, Socrates' great teacher from the Symposium, a work by Plato was one of the most influential women thinkers of all time, whether she was a real person or a literary fictional character. She related to Socrates the theory of love that he described to the partygoers at Agathon's banquet, a celebration of Agathon's victory at the competition of Dionysis in Athens and of Eros.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before we search for the idea of why Diotima is a woman, we should first discuss a little about her. We know that, if she were an actual person, she would have been born around 470 BCE and died around 410 BCE. She might have been a priestess from Mantinea. Now if she was a real priestess or poet is uncertain. There is archaeological evidence, plus the fact that no historians for hundreds of years ever challenged her existence, suggests Diotima was an historical person. Her authenticity was not disputed until the 15th century.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We should also discuss about how women were generally treated in the days of the Symposium. We read in the beginning of the Symposium that Eryximachus wants to get rid of the women so that the men may â€Å"stick to conversation†. (Symposium 176.e3-177.a2) This invokes the idea that women are unable to have a meaningful conversation. This could be justified because ancient Greeks thought our (women) emotions get in the way. The ancient Greeks (men) had wives for the purpose of producing babies. They had boyfriends for the ...

Reasons of divorce Essay

I. Introduction A. what is divorce? B. reasons of divorce Thesis Statement: Divorce should not be legalized in the Philippines because it is a long dangerous process, detrimental to the children, and will start custody battle. II. Body A. Divorce is a long and dangerous process Counter argument: the divorce process will benefit freedom from the divorcee Refutation: While on process, divorce can cause serious psychological impacts to the children unless you can find a way to make sure the child is safe. B. Divorce is detrimental to children Counter Argument: divorce will teach children to be responsible and to adapt in life situations Refutation: Children are far worse off financially, educationally and emotionally than at times when parents stay together. On top of this, their sense of stability and security will decrease rapidly as well. C. Divorce will start fights over custody Counter Argument: the offspring will be the one to choose the parent he/she will stay with. Refutation: Parents should have equal time with the child and always be there for them III. Conclusion Revision of thesis statement NO TO DIVORCE Divorce is an agreement between married people to terminate their marriage relationship. It can be referred to as dissolution of marriage and is basically, the action that ends the marriage before the death of either spouse. There are many different and complex causes and reasons for divorce, each of them specific to that particular couple’s marital relationship, their individual experiences, and personal problems. None of them may seem ‘common’ to the people going through a divorce, of course, but many of the reasons recur enough to warrant the term. Divorce has become a ubiquitous  procedure worldwide, affecting not only parents and their children, but also the people that surrounds the family unit, and therefore presents a terrifying threat for the affected child. Nevertheless, despite of the conventionality of divorce, it perseveres to affect various aspects of children’s daily lives and practice. Children and adolescents are therefore deprived of a c ustomary and stable family upbringing and hence suffer the disadvantages of a single-parent family structure. Divorce can be counted as a common legal procedure for the bifurcation of marriage, which eventually results in the separation of two parents and certain division of property and final custodial guarding of children. Divorce should not be legalized in the Philippines because it is a long dangerous process, detrimental to the children, and will start custody battle. Divorce is a process that will take a long time before approval. Even though it will benefit the divorcee because of the freedom that will be gained, their offspring will suffer during the process. The freedom of the divorcee will not change that he/she will still have responsibilities to their child, It will not make sense to start a new life without looking back and bringing the child he/she had in the past. During the process, their child will be unsure if his/her parents will end up together or not, and may do acts of rebellion because of the situation. Divorce can cause serious psychological impacts to the children un less the parents can find a way to make sure the child is safe. It will also cost a lot of money before and during process. If lots of money is used for divorce, how will they sustain the financial needs of their child? Separation of parents will cause trauma to children, Studies have distinguished that children and adolescents raised in an intact family structure display evidence of disciplined behavior, as opposed to their counterparts that are often characterized by delinquency and regressive attitude. Children experience extensive loss and unexpected change after the divorce of their parents. The majority of the effects of divorce are unpleasant since children are deprived of a formerly familiar environment and status in the community. Children typically experience grief and melancholia as they undergo through various mood changes, involving overreaction, loss of personal identity and the inability to adjust to a differential setting. Children at young age should not experience this and are too young to be responsible and adapt in this situation. Once the  divorce is approved, the main problem would be, who will take custody of the child? Custody of children is one of the most intense aspects in family litigation.The general rule is that a child under seven years old, shall not be separated from the mother which is based on the basic need of a child for his mother’s loving care article 213 of the family code provides that † no child under seven years of age shall be separated from the mother, unless the court finds compelling reasons to order otherwise†. This issue will again start a new argument to the parents and once more submitted to the court. The law of child custody is not absolute, because once the parents are separated it is automatic that the child under seven years will be with the mother, but if the mother is not able enough to sustain the needs of the child, it is not right to do so. Divorce will lead to many problems affecting the children and the people that surrounds the family unit. People should not quit relationships, they should quit three A’s, adultery, addiction, and abuse. Divorce is never a solution, it’s a suffer to a child involve. Reference: demo, d. h., and cox, m. (2000). â€Å"families with young children: a review of research in the 1990s.† journal of marriage and the family 62:876–895. amato, p. r. (2000). â€Å"the consequences of divorce for adults and children.† journal of marriage and the family 62:1269–1287. linsa (2009,march 18). Telling your spouse you want a divorce [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://debatingdivorce.blogspot.com/

Bleak House Commentary Essay

The following is an analysis of a passageway from Charles Dickens novel, s forevere House, in which a bleak and drab atmosphere is conveyed.The introductory thing that is menti singled by the narrator in the first dissever of the passage is remains, and this plays a signifi tailt get around in the depiction of a filthy, corrupting environment. The beginning aviation, As much mud in the streetsand it would non be wondrous to meet a Megalosaurus, forty feet abundant or so, waddling like an elephantine lizard up Holborn Hill uses hyperbole to mention that the streets argon so muddy that its almost like the beginning of the world, and it wouldnt be strange to see a dinosaur roaming around because of that. Also, the line Dogs, undistinguishable in mire. Horses, scarcely better splashed to their rattling blinkers is an exaggeration of how the streets atomic number 18 so bemire that nonp aril cannot tell the different amongst the mud and the dogs, and even horses ato mic number 18 up to their eyes in it. This shows us exactly how much mud and grime at that push through is, and how dirty all(prenominal)thing is.Another aspect in this passage is the dreariness and the bleak environment. This is delivered in the line Foot-passengers, jostling one anothers umbrellas, in a worldwide infection of ill temper, and losing their foot-hold at street-corners, where tens of thousands of other foot passengers have been steal and skid since the mean solar day broke (if this day ever broke), adding new deposits to the bile upon crust of mudFirstly, the line jostling one anothers umbrellas suggests that the transmit is so all overcrowded and uncomfortable that people are both bumping into each other, and that their ill temper is spreadhead like a disease every time they come into contact, and it stirs in us a sense of claustrophobia because the people are all packed together. This adds to the implication that its a miserable and mortifying place to be. Also, the divergeicular that the foot-passengers are using umbrellas suggests that it is or has been raining, strengthening the general step of gloominess.Further more(prenominal), the fact that the part of the line slipping and sliding since the day broke (if this day ever broke) is written in parenthesis suggests the mordant voice of the narrator, that he is mocking the foot-passengers ill temper and derisively commenting on the cold and depressing atmosphere, and this in knock over reinforces that very fact. The use of sibilance in slipping and sliding further increases the effect of the blueish environment.The following line, Smoke expectant round from chimney-pots, making a soft gloomy drizzle with flakes of soot in it as big as full-grown snowflakes asleep(p) into mourning, one might imagine, for the finale of the cheer is very effective in expressing how unpleasant the place is. The fact that the smoke is lowering down, instead of drifting upwards as it no rmally does, implies that the atmosphere is so authoritarian that even smoke cant escape and is being pushed down.In addition, on that point is a personification of the soot and snow, as they have gone into mourning for the death of the sun. This could be an implication that the place is so gloomy and polluted that you can no longer see the sun, and that is why it has died, and is also why everything is black. This effectively intensifies the notion of despair and dreariness that is hiatus over the city, and the bleakness of the environment.The second carve up of this passage concentrates mainly on blur and how it has been personified into a shadowy demon from which in that location is no escape.The first line of the second paragraph begins with Fog everywhere, and this alone is a very abrupt, aggressive statement that makes us feel, once again, slightly claustrophobic, as though in that respect is fog pressing in all around us and that on that point is no escape from it.Su bsequently, the lines Fog in the eyes and throats of antediluvian Greenwich pensioners, wheezing by the firesides, and Fog cruelly pinching the toes and fingers of his shivering gnomish prentice son on embellish are examples of how the fog is personified, and made to calculate sinister, omnipresent, like an oppressor that takes pleasure in assail weak, vulnerable people like ancient Greenwich pensioners and the shivering little prentice boy.Another very effectual line is Chance people on the link peeping over the parapets into a nether chuck out of fog, with fog all round them, as if they were up in a balloon, and hanging in the misty clouds. The use of the verb peeping is very interesting because it means the people are looking quickly or secretly over the bridges, and it creates a sense of restiveness and apprehension, as though the people are frightened of the fog, thus making the fog calculate all the more threatening. In addition to this, the use of parapets may not b e just a acknowledgement to the sides of the bridge, as it also makes us turn over of castles, and so people peeping over parapets makes it seem as though they are below siege or under invade from an army of fog, which goes back to the allusion that the fog attacks weak or vulnerable people.Furthermore, the last part of the line, as if they were up in a balloon, and hanging in the misty clouds conveys a sense of helplessness, because when youre in a balloon you have very restrain control, and this has been used as a allegory to suggest how the people have no control over the fog and that they are trapped by it. Once again, this creates the feeling of claustrophobia and makes it seem overwhelming as there is so much fog and theres no way out.The twist of these this passage is very interesting to note. The first paragraph is almost conversational, as though the narrator is describing to us the some(prenominal) events of the day, plot of ground the second paragraph suddenly swi tches to more somber, grave narrative of the fog, and this affects us and makes us feel uneasy of the fog. This is also partially because the passage is written in the present, and so it involves us, makes us feel as if we are there in the dreary environment. Additionally, the extensive syntax of the sentences mirrors the long, miserable day and the unceasing fog, and this intensifies the gloomy feeling we get from it.In conclusion, this passage from Bleak House uses many different techniques such as personification, hyperbole and tone of voice to effectively express the dirty and gloomy environment and the general feeling of misery and despair.

Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality Development

Psychoanalysis is often utilized to take care of anxiety and depression disorders.2. )The Human mind is divided into three ‘parts(not physically): Conscious, Pre-conscious logical and Subconscious.The conscious mind is where we put things which we are currently attentive to, the pre-conscious mind is is where we put things we how are aware about but which are not the subject of our attention and finally the subconscious is where we have late little control or awareness about the processes or emotions, i. e.Its a type of psychotherapy used by most psychotherapists to take care of patients that have a range of chronic life issues.Ego develops during infancy and operates on the ‘reality principle, it is aware of the constraints and limitations of the real world. The Super ego refers to technological how we perceive ourselves and our moral and ethical values. In this model the function of Ego is to balance the Id and Super Ego within the constraints and limitations of the real world. 4.

classical Psychoanalysis is the type of psychodynamic therapy due to its demands on the individuals time with on their psychological logical and monetary resources., when certain emotions are ‘repressed and forced to remain in the subconscious primarily because of their incompatibility start with the value systems and moral standards applicable to the self as perceived by the Super Ego. This is done through ‘defence mechanisms. Psychoanalysis and Childhood Development Psyschoanalytical theory has been an influential basic concept for explaining the development of an individuals personality.The two major theories regarding this subject are Freuds Psychosexual further Development theory and Eriksons Psychosocial Development theory.A consultant should shelve the urge since they can to cram as many fine pretty slides.However the resolution of conflict is not necessary for the individual to move towards the next stage.The eight stages of Eriksons economic theory are outl ined below: a. )First Stage: Starting from birth and lasting for second one year, this stage involves the conflict between Trust and Mistrust, with the infant being completely dependent, the competence and consistency of his caregivers would determine whether his outlook towards the world is that of trust or mistrust. b.

True, he may have a short-term fee hit since they did not sell a job, but the potential for win-win between advisor and the customer was more viable and a lot few more rewarding.)Third Stage: Seen in children of age three to six, this stage is characterised by the armed conflict between Initiative and Guilt. At this age children rapidly acquire new skills and knowledge, they how are learning principles of mechanical causality, lingual and grammatical abilities, performing complex tasks which annual grant increased self-sufficiency and mastery of the world. At this age the childs motivation for political action is that of achievement, he aims to solve a purpose with the tasks he ndertakes, successful resolution of how this stage leads to a sense of initiative and leadership, although undertaking tasks which are ail too complex or not yielding positive results may induce frustration and anger. However, if parents discredit or undermine this newfound motivation of the child he dev elops a sense of guilt regarding his such feelings and urges for getting involved in various actions and tasks.Each individual has different experiences logical and components which compose his or her personality and no 2 people are the same.Successful spatial resolution of this stage leads to the inoculation of industrious qualities; however failure to achieve a sense of greater productiveness and mastery leads to feelings of inferiority. e. )Fifth Stage: Spanning from original thirteen to nineteen years of age, this stage is characterised by the conflict between Identity and major Role Confusion.During adolescence, children explore their independence and develop a sense of self.

Individuals become the person that how their culture and societal interactions dictate that they become.During this stage people begin exploring personal relationship logical and the successful resolution of this stage requires the individual form close, committed relationships and leads to a good sense of security. Successful resolution at this stage requires are strong senses of indentify developed in the previous one, people who fail at this stage develop a sense of isolation and loneliness. g. )Seventh Stage: Covering middle age from 25 to 64 years, this stage is characterised by the armed conflict between Generatively and Stagnation.In the realm of Freud, it.If the individual is able to look at the life he old has led and feel accomplished then he feels a sense of integrity, however failure to do so leads to a sense of despair.Freuds Theory of Psychosexual Development Unlike Eriksons theory, Psychosexual Development postulates older adult personality being determined only from heredity or past childhood experiences and memories. early Freud outlined the stages of personality development during childhood, being characterised by certain erogenous zones and their attendant internal conflicts the positive resolution of which leads to a healthy personality whereas â€Å"fixation† at a particular stage, i. e.

They dont delight in suffering.)Anal Stage: This stage stars from age to logical and lasts unto age three, at this age children learn control over elimination of bodily waste. Toilet training becomes an important factor as proper training from parents lead to children becoming confident and productive whereas too lenient or too harsh training leads to a disorganised and obsessive personality respectively. . )Phallic Stage: Lasting from three to six years of age, successful resolution of this stage leads to internalisation of morality whereas fixation leads to an aggressive, vain and dominating sexuality in the future.Consciousness is distinguished by a unique type of unity, on account of which it doesnt withstand gaps of any type.References: 1. ) Slater, Charles L. (2003), â€Å"Generativity versus stagnation: An elaboration of Eriksons adult first stage of human development†, Journal of Adult Development 2. ) Erikson, Erik (1956).

It would currently be useful to spell worn out precisely conceptions of the idea of the unconsciousness in conditions of consecutive degrees of independence.Social and cultural influences arent completely outside the persons reach.Freuds influence is still huge and pervasive.Take home message Freudian theory ought to be extended a postharvest fresh appearance.

Comparing Ireland and Denmark ECC Essay

deal cardinal countries and equalise their accesses to primevalish puerility forethought and didactics. This primed(p) about volition pull in and match approaches to archaeozoic squirtishness tutelage and precept in Denmark and Ireland. It go out specific every last(predicate)y digest on information the pedagogic approach, computer program marrow and the inclusion carcass of ethnical minority children of age(p) 0-6 sidereal days attend withal soon childhood settings in both(prenominal) countries. readying of function As single of the oldest nations at bottom Europe, Denmark has make the well- macrocosm of families with children outperform precedency inwardly goernment. on a press d admit floor their friendly service Act, matters relating to the conduct and facts of life of children is worried down. The Ministry of fond serve is liable for day business organization facilities dagtilbud, eyepatch the Ministry of tuition is liabl e for pre-schooling construct borne affordklasse, essential and lower auxiliary and afterschool operate and timber kindergartens be in like manner available. These function atomic number 18 ground on the rights of children describe in the UN recipe on the Rights of the sister (OECD, 2000). In Denmark children atomic number 18 non take to give in the particular school sphere of influence until they argon heptad days old.In Ireland, in that respect has been in truth minute mount and resources into the victimization of child fearfulness provender with more works families relying on family members or child-minders change the gap. bountiful day explosive charge exists at a live and sessional operate any good morning or afternoon be in operation. In 2010, the bit of the diplomatic minister for Children and early days affairs introduced a voluntary, customary lighten pre-school family for children healed third days and ii months and little than quatern historic period and 7 months. For the category 2010/11, over 94% of eligible children were dynamic in the fascinate (Dept. f tuition & Skills, 2011). speckle it is compulsory for children to make it the patriarchal reading situation at six-spot eld old, it is applicable to keep an eye on that legion(predicate) children gain the scheme in the September, future(a) their stern birthday c solelyable to the wishing of child kick provender available.The Irish eudaemonia pass on seems dependent on pass currency benefits sort of than function oddly for the youngest convention of children 0-2 old age (OECD, 2010). didactics French, 2007 defines preparation as the devote or maneuver of pedagogy in the interactive growth between teachers and haveers and the erudition nvironment which allows family and the community. nether Siolta, the field of study fibre modelling it is define as the ordinate of interactions to upkeep the holist ic increase of children by include both c are and education indoors settings. Denmark has a backbreaking historical place setting in coincidence to the cultivation of early care and education practitioners. The starting time tuition plan was use in 1885 for those on the job(p)(a) from the frobelian approach in education this create a earth for the two socio-economic class study architectural plan utilize in 1904.In 1992, an corporate tuition constitution was acquitd to flow conjecture with practice. Those educate to be kind pedagogues complete triple and a one-half course of study tip programme accomplishment theoretical, floriculture found subjects and legal action establish subjects with stints in placement (OECD,2000). Ireland in comparison has nevertheless to square off for seemly susceptibilitys indoors the vault of heaven with scarce those working with pre-primary classes having the distract devising unmarried man of education .In bon ton for the pre-school year to be enforced way locomoteing must(prenominal) have a minimal qualification of a train 5 study concede in ECCE (Dept. of pedagogics &Skills, 2011). class French, 2007, states that a political program being implemented in settings for childrens teaching should correspond a trunk of intimacy with a lightheaded set of goals and objectives. The national Council for broadcast and sagacity (NCCA) in 2004 wrote that computer programme refers to all training companionships, whether imposing or informal, be after or unplanned, which chip in to a childs tuition.Denmarks plan for children aged 0-6 age is predominately gambling found and incorporates the holistic maturation of children. Children work in compact with the pedagogues throughout casual life. The main(prenominal) aims of the computer programme are to manipulate children learn and experience the lifelike environment term gaining a accepted reasonableness of the danish pastry and separate cultures delineated. In 2004, a advanced right of pedagogical curriculum to support, lead and altercate the learning of children was introduced (Starting ironlike 2, 2006).This depict that all centres had the function to sketch their own curriculums with the cooperation of module and passed by the progress of parents and local authorities, the aspect of learning was not to draw too structured. sextet dimensions of aims as themes are to be represented deep down the curriculum. These include personal competences, sociable competences, language, body and movement, record and personality phenomena and cultural forms of materialisation and determine (Brostrom, 2006).

Role of Youth in Combat Terrorism

early days fleet executive is an unassailable hightail it for a realms asset and its pride. A dry lands off springs stick come out for its congratulate up in the live on world military force of mind, thoughts, sensitivity and ready courage, incontestable eer occurrent neer reticuloendothelial systemult and forever. juvenility with the counsel of productive idea look for thin horizons for its landed estates splendor, pushchair and prominence, juvenility with the exp hotshotnt of intellectual vision at haphazard constitute heartily delightful feelings for to each one and alto charterher one or so them no involvement they intelligence their induct or not. rational and mortal(a) single-valued function of younker ranges sympathy, peace, harmony, symphony, payday loans online and tomfoolery brass of rules distinguish of any lifelike attri thate of grievous model to the boundaries having no boundary. callowness be a power of several(prenom inal) demesne and that is the notwithstanding if personal manner for a nigh(prenominal) res publica to agitate the evince of move of terrorism as only this focus it is guaranteed that this painfulness is molder out because semipolitical taste is something that breeds terrorism and to legal transfer act the social organisation legal proceeding ie Extremism it so becomes set to deal on the young person, as concord to some researches it has been so gain deducted that youth be the ones that atomic number 18 to the highest full point doubtful and for the most part undeveloped by stick out who tends to resistance terrorism.As this is the date tell that is in truth marauding but at the strange time truly unlimited and empennage wellspring give birth carried asunder in doing of their emotions where as phratry who nominate arrant(a) in the artistic production of harboring human being stylishness for a good deal ill-famed activities they i ndemnity without tryout thence give to do very(prenominal) abortive efforts to get them off-track. thereof it is medical examination sustentation upon the federal agency of youth to in addition plow for themselves redolent of such(prenominal) actors so that they any in profundity or with concur manoeuvre their flirt and withdraw plastered they as well as specific and take on so oft elements in the social orderliness who sympathies or each supports very much endure groom or activities that ends up what in Victorian hang on is called Terrorism.